Lupita
Sanchez, coordinator for community action services at Proyecto Juan
Diego, helps Cameron Park colonia residents become empowered through
getting out the vote. (Photo by Mark Karlin.)
When Roads Turned to Mud in the Colonias
Just outside of Brownsville city limits in Cameron Park, Texas,
Lupita Sanchez used to park her car a few blocks from her home whenever
it rained. The streets of the colonia where she lived were unpaved until
1996. If Sanchez dared to drive all the way to her house, she risked
getting stuck in the mud, or, worse still, ending up in a sinkhole and
waiting for the road to dry, when her car could finally be towed.
Now Sanchez is coordinator for community action services at
Proyecto Juan Diego
in Cameron Park, and she works tirelessly to improve conditions in what
is becoming an empowered community of about 8,000 people.
Colonias in the United States are unincorporated, low-income
communities outside of incorporated cities stretching from Texas to
California, but the majority of colonias are in the Lone Star State. The
Texas secretary of state
estimates the state's colonias number around 2,300,
with the highest number, approximately 1,500 colonias with as many as
300,000 inhabitants, in Cameron and Hidalgo counties at the state's
southernmost tip. These figures are not exact:
there is not one agreed-upon definition for colonias,
and some colonia residents are undocumented (although at least one
estimate is that at least 80% of colonias residents are US citizens, but
these are still speculative numbers).
In
"Shrub," Molly Ivins' and Lou Dubose's book about George W. Bush,
Ivins described the colonias just north of the Mexican border: If they
"were a separate nation, they'd look like a Central American republic."
Some colonias still have sand or clay streets, and many individual homes
still lack basic necessities, such as sewer and water service, that
most people take for granted in the United States.
Through civic engagement, most colonias no longer have mud roads. (Photo is courtesy of Proyecto Azteca.)Colonias Created by Land Speculators Taking Advantage of Weak County Governments
US colonias are poor, Mexican-American and long-neglected by all levels of government, although that is changing somewhat - but
not without a fight.
Colonias grew because land speculators created the subdivisions in
unincorporated county areas. In Texas, counties are relatively weak as
governmental entities. As a result, land was deeded out to poor
Mexican-Americans and migrants. The plots were repossessed if payments
weren't made. This allowed a profiteering developer to turn a small
parcel of land over several times without any of the inhabitants
accruing equity, and the landowner was not required to go through the
foreclosure process.
This changed somewhat in 1995, when the Texas legislature passed
legislation requiring land speculators to register deeds with the
county, but there are still ways to repossess the land, in the
absence
of prompt payments, with legal maneuvering and weak county enforcement.
What's more, until 1994, colonias were most often built without basic
electrical, sewage and water services, and many roads were left
unpaved. Now, these services are legally mandatory, but the mandates are
not always enforced. Furthermore, the state does not allow counties to
enact building codes to prevent substandard housing. While the situation
for many of the colonia inhabitants has improved, it still remains an
uphill struggle to obtain basic residential services and secure,
sustainable housing.
Colonias Organize for Positive Change
It would be easy for this to become a story about the woeful
conditions of life in the colonias and how the poor were once again
pick-pocketed by the wealthy. And that would be true. But I found that
while the colonias that I visited late last year face a host of serious
challenges, there is an active network of committed social-service and
advocacy organizations that are creating meaningful change by helping
colonia residents claim their own power. I also began to consider how
reinforcing the notion of powerlessness is just another form of keeping
power from people who are subjugated.
To Lupita Sanchez, change comes one streetlight at a time. Proyecto
Juan Diego coordinated a campaign to end Cameron Park's dark nights. It
took commanding respect from political officials through increased voter
turnout, cooperation with the utility company, the community's
willingness to pay an extra property tax charge, and ongoing pressure.
Now, Sanchez points with pride at the arcing lights that line the paved
streets, which used to be dirt roads.
Sanchez and her staff also rallied residents to contract for garbage
and recycling collection. Because there were no areas for exercise in
Cameron Park, Proyecto Juan Diego helped pull together resources to
build a park with a community center and walking path.
Achieving basic services is a big accomplishment in the colonias, but
these services create something even more powerful in their wake: a
sense of community and a sense of ownership of one's life and one's
future.
Creating an Equal Voice for Poor and Working Families
Former priest Michael Seifert
ministered and agitated in Cameron Park for many years before he left
the priesthood and became a colonias network coordinator for the
national
Marguerite Casey Foundation
Equal Voice initiative for poor and working families. In a report on
the Equal Voice project, the Marguerite Casey Foundation states that,
"the 37 million people - 7.7 million families - who live in poverty are
experts on family issues, yet their input has rarely been sought."
According to the foundation, one of the major goals for coordinators
such as Seifert is to,
"elevate the voices of the families into the public debate," motivating those who feel powerless to realize that they have the ability to make positive change.
Former
priest Michael Seifert now is the coordinator for the Equal Voice Rio
Grande Valley colonias initiative. (Photo by Mark Karlin.) Equal
Voice organizations meet regularly and have formed task forces for the
colonias working on health, jobs and economic security, education,
housing, immigration and civic engagement. One example of the
effectiveness of a strategic approach to empowerment in the colonias was
a recent
cumbre, or community summit meeting, convened by Equal Voice member
La Unión del Pueblo Entero (LUPE), headed by United Farm Workers veteran Juanita Valdez-Cox.
Seifert
wrote of the February summit:
This gathering of border neighborhood leaders who were union [founded
in 1989 by César Chávez] members was being asked to decide the
priorities for the next two years of work. It was quite a serious group
of people. They were being asked to give up a precious Saturday morning.
A free morning for an hourly-wage earner is as rare as a raise....
Hardworking people who, at the end of a week have very little change to
count, understand very well the connection of daily bread and
justice.... The delegates filed out of the auditorium, heading for their
colonias and their homes, for the hard work that is living out a
dream.
Juanita
Valdez-Cox is the director of LUPE, founded by César Chávez. As a
child, she traveled with her parents around the US as seasonal farm
workers. (Photo by Mark Karlin.)Working Toward a Dream Does Not Mean Waiting for Perfection
Working toward a dream does not mean sitting back and waiting until
living conditions are perfect, according to one of the six guiding
principles of
ARISE (A Resource in Serving Equality),
which has four colonia outreach centers in south Texas. Lourdes Flores,
president of the main ARISE support center, emphasizes that the role of
the organization is to provide services that help create independence.
"We are animators," she says. "We animate people and provide skills to
help them become independent."
Many of the key leaders in Equal Voice's south Rio Grande Valley
colonias initiative are women, but ARISE is specifically focused on
empowering, "women to help other women see that they have talents and
gifts that they can use to improve themselves, their families and their
communities." Its slogan is, "Changing a community, one woman at a
time."
Colonias
adults and children lack recreational and exercise opportunities.
Lourdes Flores, president of the main ARISE support center, and
community organizer Ramona Casas galvanized local colonia residents to
secure a 10-acre park. (Photo by Mark Karlin.)
"When a woman learns things, it empowers the whole family," says
ARISE community organizer Ramona Casas. "Women are more open to
accepting change." That may explain why, at the main support center,
next to a new ten-acre park and exercise area, Flores and Casas point
out with satisfaction ARISE's development of inexpensive solar heaters,
an organic gardening area and diverse educational programming.
By comparison, the slogan of
Proyecto Azteca,
located not far from the ARISE support center, could easily be,
"Improving the colonias one home at a time." With 0 percent interest
loans and a requirement of 550 hours of sweat equity, a home can be
built with staff assistance for as little as $45,000.
"The need for affordable housing is great," says executive director
Ann Cass. "Housing needs to be sustainable, as well, to survive the
weather events that we have, including cross winds, hurricanes and wind
storms."
Ann
Cass, executive director of Proyecto Azteca, with energy efficient wall
insulation built into sweat equity sustainable housing. (Photo by Mark
Karlin.)With other leaders of the colonias' Equal Voice
Network, Cass spends much of her time working to secure a fair share of
funding from different levels of government. This includes tedious but
necessary tasks such as ensuring an allocation of federal relief funds
for Hurricane Dolly, which devastated the area. In this case, the
coalition corralled $186 million for damage to the colonias' housing and
infrastructure, including $64 million for regional drainage improvement
projects. Hopefully, with continued Equal Voice Network vigilance,
this will lead to jobs for local residents and contractors.
Developing the power to effect social change locally has ripple
effects. Some of the south Rio Grande Valley Equal Voice organizations
worked with a statewide coalition to defeat all 85 anti-Mexican
immigration and anti-rights bills, including a voter identification law,
proposed in the state legislature.
From Unscrupulous Opportunism to Pride and Empowerment
In Mexico City, a colonia is a neighborhood - regardless of income -
that can represent a vibrant community. Turning US shantytowns born of
the unscrupulous economic opportunism of landowners into communities of
pride and empowerment is not an easy task. The obstacles are immense.
But it is being done in the south Rio Grande Valley of Texas, through
the tenacious work of leaders, many of them US Latinas, who know that
progress can be measured one streetlight at a time.
It is the creation of community itself - of neighbors uniting with a
strong unwavering voice - that leads to the improvement of daily living
standards and to a shared pride.
This empowerment fulfills the vision of César Chávez: "From the depth
of need and despair, people can work together, can organize themselves
to solve their own problems and fill their own needs with dignity and
strength."
"We
are not able to retreat, we will overcome. We are winning, because ours
is a revolution of the mind and the heart," said César Chávez. (Photo
by Mark Karlin.)
The next installment of Truthout on the Mexican Border will be "Javier Sicilia: A Poet Leads the Mexican Peace Movement."
(reprinted with the permission of the author. Original site:
http://truth-out.org/news/item/8638-empowering-the-texas-colonias-with-an-equal-voice)